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Alternative Beschäftigungsformen in Deutschland: Effekte der Neuregelung von Zeitarbeit, Minijobs und Midijobs

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  • Michael Fertig
  • Jochen Kluve

Abstract

This paper investigates alternative types of employment introduced or changed by the latest labor market reforms in Germany ("Hartz-reforms"). Specifically, we investigate whether and to which extent the reform of temporary work and the reduction of social security contributions for socalled Mini- and Midijobs impinge upon the economy-wide level and structure of these jobs. Our econometric results suggest that all three employment types increased due to the reforms. The largest effect can be observed for Minijobs. Furthermore, different surveys among firms, workers in Midijobs, labor agencies and others indicate rather modest effects on unemployment for all types of alternative employment. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Effekte der im Rahmen der Hartz-Reformen vorgenommenen Neuregelungen der Arbeitnehmerüberlassung und der geringfügigen Beschäftigung. Der Fokus liegt hierbei jeweils auf den Wirkungen auf die gesamtwirtschaftliche Anzahl und Struktur der Beschäftigung in Zeitarbeit, Minijobs und Midijobs. Für alle drei Beschäftigungsformen zeigen die ökonometrischen Analysen positive Effekte im Sinne der Reformen, d.h. eine Ausweitung der Beschäftigung, die für Minijobs sehr umfangreich, für Zeitarbeit und Midijobs eher moderat ausfällt. Vorläufige Ergebnisse aus Implementationsanalysen und Befragungen ergeben allerdings, dass "Klebeeffekte" der Zeitarbeit und eine "Brückenfunktion" der Minijobs kaum festzustellen sind, während Midijobs unter Umständen eine "Brücke" in voll sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung sein könnten.

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  • Michael Fertig & Jochen Kluve, 2006. "Alternative Beschäftigungsformen in Deutschland: Effekte der Neuregelung von Zeitarbeit, Minijobs und Midijobs," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 75(3), pages 97-117.
  • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwvjh:75-3-7
    DOI: 10.3790/vjh.75.3.97
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Michael Fertig, 2011. "Was hat die Reform der Minijobs bewirkt? Erfahrungen nach einem Jahr," Schriften des Rheinisch-Westfälischen Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung, Duncker & Humblot GmbH, Berlin, edition 1, volume 77, number 51798.
    2. Jacobi, Lena & Kluve, Jochen, 2007. "Before and after the Hartz reforms: The performance of active labour market policy in Germany," Zeitschrift für ArbeitsmarktForschung - Journal for Labour Market Research, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany], vol. 40(1), pages 45-64.
    3. Vitols, Katrin, 2003. "Die Regulierung der Zeitarbeit in Deutschland: Vom Sonderfall zur Normalbranche," Duisburger Beiträge zur soziologischen Forschung 5/2003, University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Sociology.
    4. Jacobi, Lena & Kluve, Jochen, 2006. "Before and After the Hartz Reforms: The Performance of Active Labour Market Policy in Germany," IZA Discussion Papers 2100, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    5. Jacobi, Lena & Kluve, Jochen, 2006. "Before and After the Hartz Reforms: The Performance of Active Labour Market Policy in Germany," RWI Discussion Papers 41, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung.
    6. Michael Fertig & Jochen Kluve & Christoph M. Schmidt, 2006. "Der erweiterte Minijob für Arbeitslose – Ein Reformvorschlag," Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, Verein für Socialpolitik, vol. 7(2), pages 227-255, May.
    7. Fuest, Clemens & Huber, Bernd, 1998. "Eine beschäftigungsfreundliche Reform der 620-DM-Arbeitsverhältnisse," Wirtschaftsdienst – Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik (1949 - 2007), ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 78(11), pages 645-651.
    8. repec:zbw:rwidps:0041 is not listed on IDEAS
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    Cited by:

    1. Werner Eichhorst & Klaus F. Zimmermann, 2007. "And Then There Were Four...How Many (and Which) Measures of Active Labor Market Policy Do We Still Need?," Applied Economics Quarterly (formerly: Konjunkturpolitik), Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, vol. 53(3), pages 243-272.
    2. Ronny Freier & Viktor Steiner, 2007. ""Marginal Employment": Stepping Stone or Dead End? Evaluating the German Experience," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 744, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    3. Marcel Garz, 2013. "Labour Market Segmentation: Standard and Non-Standard Employment in Germany," German Economic Review, Verein für Socialpolitik, vol. 14(3), pages 349-371, August.
    4. Bräuninger, Michael & Michaelis, Jochen & Sode, Madlen, 2013. "10 Jahre Hartz-Reformen," HWWI Policy Papers 73, Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI).
      • Michael Bräuninger & Jochen Michaelis & Madlen Sode, 2013. "10 Jahre Hartz-Reformen," MAGKS Papers on Economics 201318, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Department of Economics (Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung).
    5. Eichhorst, Werner, 2007. "Wachstumsaspekte der Arbeitsmarktpolitik - Von den Nachbarn lernen," IZA Research Reports 13, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    6. Bachmann Ronald & Dürig Wolfgang & Frings Hanna & Höckel Lisa Sofie & Flores Fernanda Martinez, 2017. "Minijobs nach Einführung des Mindestlohns – Eine Bestandsaufnahme," Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik, De Gruyter, vol. 66(3), pages 209-237, December.
    7. Eichhorst, Werner & Marx, Paul, 2009. "Reforming German Labor Market Institutions: A Dual Path to Flexibility," IZA Discussion Papers 4100, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    8. Gabriela Galassi, 2021. "Labor Demand Response to Labor Supply Incentives: Lessons from the German Mini-Job Reform," Staff Working Papers 21-15, Bank of Canada.
    9. Ebbinghaus, Bernhard & Eichhorst, Werner, 2006. "Employment Regulation and Labor Market Policy in Germany, 1991-2005," IZA Discussion Papers 2505, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    10. Zimmermann, Katharina. & Fuertes, Venesa., 2014. "Employment policy implementation mechanisms in the European Union, the United Kingdom and Germany," ILO Working Papers 994856443402676, International Labour Organization.
    11. repec:aia:aiaswp:wp52 is not listed on IDEAS
    12. Laun, Lisa, 2019. "In-work benefits across Europe," Working Paper Series 2019:16, IFAU - Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy.
    13. H. Lehmann & A. Muravyev, 2012. "Labor Market Institutions and Informality in Transition and Latin American Countries," Working Papers wp854, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna.
    14. Freier, Ronny & Steiner, Viktor, 2008. "Marginal employment: Stepping stone or dead end? : evaluating the German experience," Zeitschrift für ArbeitsmarktForschung - Journal for Labour Market Research, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany], vol. 41(2/3), pages 223-243.
    15. Freier, Ronny & Steiner, Viktor, 2008. "Marginal employment: Stepping stone or dead end? : evaluating the German experience," Zeitschrift für ArbeitsmarktForschung - Journal for Labour Market Research, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany], vol. 41(2/3), pages 223-243.
    16. Walwei, Ulrich, 2015. "From deregulation to re-regulation : trend reversal in German labour market institutions and its possible implications," IAB-Discussion Paper 201510, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    17. Berthold Norbert & Coban Mustafa, 2013. "Mini- und Midijobs in Deutschland: Lohnsubventionierung ohne Beschäftigungseffekte? / Mini- and Midi-Jobs in Germany: Do Wage Subsidies have an Effect on Employment?," ORDO. Jahrbuch für die Ordnung von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, De Gruyter, vol. 64(1), pages 289-324, January.
    18. Freier, Ronny & Steiner, Viktor, 2007. "‘Marginal Employment’: Stepping Stone or Dead End? Evaluating the German Experience," IZA Discussion Papers 3175, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    19. Kai Priesack, 2015. "Employment consequences of changes in dismissal protection: Evidence from a 2004 German reform," BDPEMS Working Papers 2015012, Berlin School of Economics.
    20. Galassi, Gabriela, 2021. "Labor Demand Response to Labor Supply Incentives: Lessons from the German Mini-Job Reform," IZA Discussion Papers 14248, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    21. Werner Eichhorst & Klaus F. Zimmermann, 2007. "And Then There Were Four ...: How Many (and Which) Measures of Active Labor Market Policy Do We Still Need? ; Finding a Balance after the Evaluation of the Hartz Reforms in Germany," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 685, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    22. Eichhorst, Werner & Zimmermann, Klaus F., 2007. "Dann waren's nur noch vier… Wie viele (und welche) Maßnahmen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik brauchen wir noch? Eine Bilanz nach der Evaluation der Hartz-Reformen," IZA Discussion Papers 2605, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    23. Ulrich Walwei, 2014. "Times of change: what drives the growth of work arrangements in Germany? [Zeiten des Wandels: Was treibt das Wachstum atypischer Erwerbsformen in Deutschland?]," Journal for Labour Market Research, Springer;Institute for Employment Research/ Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), vol. 47(3), pages 183-204, September.
    24. Freier, Ronny & Steiner, Viktor, 2008. "Marginal employment: Stepping stone or dead end? : evaluating the German experience," Zeitschrift für ArbeitsmarktForschung - Journal for Labour Market Research, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany], vol. 41(2/3), pages 223-243.
    25. repec:ilo:ilowps:485644 is not listed on IDEAS

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