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Patrones de desarrollo en América Latina: ¿Convergencia o caída en la trampa del ingreso medio?

Author

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  • Pablo Sanguinetti
  • Leonardo Villar

Abstract

América Latina cuenta con el mayor número de países de ingreso medio del mundo, sin embargo, durante la mayor parte del siglo XX las tasas de crecimiento per cápita de los países de la región fueron inferiores a aquellas de los países desarrollados. Este fenómeno es tradicionalmente conocido como la ¿trampa del ingreso medio¿. Este documento evalúa si la pérdida del dinamismo del crecimiento es algo esperable a medida que se cierra la brecha del ingreso con las economías industriales. Durante la última década, la mayoría de los países de América Latina ha desempenado buenas gestiones macroeconómicas acompanadas de iniciativas sociales significativas y de progreso microeconómico sustancial, de condiciones económicas internacionales favorables. Sin embargo, la región todavía necesita atender problemas estructurales importantes: las enormes disparidades sociales, los bajos niveles de ahorro e inversión doméstica, la excesiva concentración de las exportaciones en materias primas y otros commodities de poco valor agregado, y la escasez de competitividad y productividad de las industrias relativa a aquella de otras regiones del mundo. En gran medida, estos cambios estructurales explican por qué América Latina ha perdido relevancia en la economía mundial durante los últimos 40 anos. Abstract. Latin America is the region with the highest number of middle income countries in the world. However, during most of the XX century, the per capita growth rates of the countries of our region have been lower than those of developed countries. This phenomenon is traditionally known as ¿the middle income trap¿. This paper evaluates if the loss of growth dynamism is something to be expected as the income gap with developed economies is reduced. During the past decade, most countries of Latin America have presented sound macroeconomic management, together with significant social initiatives, substantial microeconomic development, and favorable international conditions. Nonetheless, the region still needs to attend structural problems: enormous social disparities, low levels of domestic savings and investment, excessive concentration of exports in commodities with low added value, and the lack of relative productivity. To a great extent, these changes explain why Latin America has lost relevance in the world economy during the past 40 years.

Suggested Citation

  • Pablo Sanguinetti & Leonardo Villar, 2012. "Patrones de desarrollo en América Latina: ¿Convergencia o caída en la trampa del ingreso medio?," Coyuntura Económica, Fedesarrollo, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:col:000438:011645
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11445/281
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    Cited by:

    1. Stefano Della Vigna & Ruben Enikolopov & Vera Mironova & Maria Petrova & Ekaterina Zhuravskaya, 2014. "Cross-Border Media and Nationalism: Evidence from Serbian Radio in Croatia," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 6(3), pages 103-132, July.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Convergencia; América Latina; Crecimiento; Trampa del ingreso medio.Convergence; Latin America; Growth; Middle Incone Trap;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E01 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General - - - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth; Environmental Accounts
    • E20 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - General (includes Measurement and Data)
    • E24 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
    • O47 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence

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