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Type I Error Rates, Coverage of Confidence Intervals, and Variance Estimation in Propensity-Score Matched Analyses

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  • Austin Peter C

    (Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences)

Abstract

Propensity-score matching is frequently used in the medical literature to reduce or eliminate the effect of treatment selection bias when estimating the effect of treatments or exposures on outcomes using observational data. In propensity-score matching, pairs of treated and untreated subjects with similar propensity scores are formed. Recent systematic reviews of the use of propensity-score matching found that the large majority of researchers ignore the matched nature of the propensity-score matched sample when estimating the statistical significance of the treatment effect. We conducted a series of Monte Carlo simulations to examine the impact of ignoring the matched nature of the propensity-score matched sample on Type I error rates, coverage of confidence intervals, and variance estimation of the treatment effect. We examined estimating differences in means, relative risks, odds ratios, rate ratios from Poisson models, and hazard ratios from Cox regression models. We demonstrated that accounting for the matched nature of the propensity-score matched sample tended to result in type I error rates that were closer to the advertised level compared to when matching was not incorporated into the analyses. Similarly, accounting for the matched nature of the sample tended to result in confidence intervals with coverage rates that were closer to the nominal level, compared to when matching was not taken into account. Finally, accounting for the matched nature of the sample resulted in estimates of standard error that more closely reflected the sampling variability of the treatment effect compared to when matching was not taken into account.

Suggested Citation

  • Austin Peter C, 2009. "Type I Error Rates, Coverage of Confidence Intervals, and Variance Estimation in Propensity-Score Matched Analyses," The International Journal of Biostatistics, De Gruyter, vol. 5(1), pages 1-24, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:bpj:ijbist:v:5:y:2009:i:1:n:13
    DOI: 10.2202/1557-4679.1146
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    Cited by:

    1. von Staden, Lize & Lötter, Mervyn C. & Holness, Stephen & Lombard, Amanda T., 2022. "An evaluation of the effectiveness of Critical Biodiversity Areas, identified through a systematic conservation planning process, to reduce biodiversity loss outside protected areas in South Africa," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    2. Rüdiger Mutz & Tobias Wolbring & Hans-Dieter Daniel, 2017. "The effect of the “very important paper” (VIP) designation in Angewandte Chemie International Edition on citation impact: A propensity score matching analysis," Journal of the Association for Information Science & Technology, Association for Information Science & Technology, vol. 68(9), pages 2139-2153, September.
    3. Gibson, Chris L. & Swatt, Marc L. & Miller, J. Mitchell & Jennings, Wesley G. & Gover, Angela R., 2012. "The causal relationship between gang joining and violent victimization: A critical review and directions for future research," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 40(6), pages 490-501.

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