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Multidimensional entrepreneurship: theoretical considerations and Swedish empirics

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  • Hans Westlund

Abstract

Entrepreneurship is often viewed in a simplified way and defined as the starting of new firms. There are obvious advantages in using this simplified definition, not least regarding measurement, but with such a definition there is also a great risk in missing important aspects of entrepreneurship and how it emerges and develops. This paper starts from an assumption that entrepreneurship can be divided in four different spheres and that these spheres interact and mutually affect each other. The four spheres of entrepreneurship are: * Economic entrepreneurship, which is manifesting itself in new enterprises and products, production, distribution and sales methods and organizations. * Civil entrepreneurship, in the form of new organizations and new activities in the civil society and human relations. * Political entrepreneurship, e.g. in the form of new types of policies, governance, decision-making and implementation processes. * Academic entrepreneurship, displayed in innovative research (new hypotheses, methods, applications, etc), collaboration with other actors and commercialization of results. It can be assumed that the four forms of entrepreneurship mutually are having impacts on each other, but that the directions of these impacts can vary. On the one hand it is possible that the four types of entrepreneurship show a mutually positive relationship, on the other hand it is just as possible that the different entrepreneurships might exclude each other as they compete for the engagement of a finite number of entrepreneurs in a region. This paper makes a first investigation of the four dimensions of entrepreneurship in Sweden and the connections between them and various measures of growth on municipality level.
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  • Hans Westlund, 2011. "Multidimensional entrepreneurship: theoretical considerations and Swedish empirics," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 3(3), pages 199-218, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:3:y:2011:i:3:p:199-218
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1757-7802.2011.01037.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Mikaela Backman & Esteban Lopez & Francisco Rowe, 2021. "The occupational trajectories and outcomes of forced migrants in Sweden. Entrepreneurship, employment or persistent inactivity?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 56(3), pages 963-983, February.
    2. Backman, Mikaela & Gabe, Todd & Mellander, Charlotta, 2016. "Effects of Human Capital on the Growth and Survival of Swedish Businesses," Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, Mid-Continent Regional Science Association, vol. 46(1).
    3. Backman , Mikaela & Wallin, Tina, 2017. "Access to financial intermediaries and external capital acquisition," Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation 454, Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies.
    4. Özge Öner, 2017. "Retail city: the relationship between place attractiveness and accessibility to shops," Spatial Economic Analysis, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(1), pages 72-91, January.
    5. Matthew Roskruge & Jacques Poot & Laura King, 2016. "Social capital, entrepreneurship and living standards: differences between migrants and the native born," Chapters, in: Hans Westlund & Johan P. Larsson (ed.), Handbook of Social Capital and Regional Development, chapter 9, pages 221-254, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    6. , Aisdl, 2019. "Creativity and Entrepreneurship: An Exploratory Multiple Case Study of What Entrepreneurs Think," OSF Preprints w2nfz, Center for Open Science.
    7. Mikaela Backman & Tina Wallin, 2018. "Access to banks and external capital acquisition: perceived innovation obstacles," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 61(1), pages 161-187, July.
    8. Hans Westlund & Johan Larsson & Amy Rader Olsson, 2013. "Political entrepreneurship and local development in Swedish municipalities," ERSA conference papers ersa13p151, European Regional Science Association.
    9. Lucia Naldi & Massimo Baù & Helene Ahl & Magdalena Markowska, 2021. "Gender (in)equality within the household and business start-up among mothers," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 56(2), pages 903-918, February.
    10. Hans Westlund & Amy Olsson, 2011. "Economic Entrepreneurship, Startups and Their Effects on Local Development: The Case of Sweden," ERSA conference papers ersa11p327, European Regional Science Association.
    11. Backman, Mikaela & Karlsson, Charlie, 2013. "Who says life is over after 55? Entrepreneurship and an aging population," Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation 325, Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies.
    12. Amy Rader Olsson & Hans Westlund & Johan P. Larsson, 2020. "Entrepreneurial Governance and Local Growth," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-16, May.
    13. Backman, Mikaela & Palmberg, Johanna, 2015. "Contextualizing small family firms: How does the urban–rural context affect firm employment growth?," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 6(4), pages 247-258.
    14. Hans Westlund & Johan P. Larsson & Amy Rader Olsson, 2014. "Start-ups and Local Entrepreneurial Social Capital in the Municipalities of Sweden," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(6), pages 974-994, June.
    15. Hans WESTLUND & Malin GAWELL, 2012. "Building Social Capital For Social Entrepreneurship," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 83(1), pages 101-116, March.
    16. Karlsson, Johan, 2018. "Does regional context matter for family firm employment growth?," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 9(4), pages 293-310.
    17. Mikaela Backman, 2013. "Who says life is over after 55? - New firm formation and an ageing population," ERSA conference papers ersa13p58, European Regional Science Association.
    18. Hassan Shahraki & Ebrahim Heydari, 2019. "Rethinking rural entrepreneurship in the era of globalization: some observations from Iran," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 9(1), pages 1-26, December.
    19. Hans Westlund & Johan P. Larsson & Amy Olsson, 2012. "Startups and Local Social Capital in the Municipalities of Sweden," ERSA conference papers ersa12p91, European Regional Science Association.

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