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Optimal Pricing with Costly Adjustment: Evidence from Retail-Grocery Prices

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Slade, Margaret E

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Abstract

In many theoretical models, it is assumed that there are costs associated with adjusting prices. (In this paper, the existence, type, and magnitude of such costs are investigated empirically. A discrete-choice dynamic-programming model that nests fixed and variable costs is developed, and econometric estimates of the adjustment-cost function are obtained. The data used to implement the model consist of weekly retail prices and sales of three brands of saltine crackers sold by four chains of grocery stores in a small U.S. town. The study has several distinguishing characteristics. First, the data are highly disaggregate (at the level of brand and store). Second, variables are sampled at weekly intervals. Third, the model nests fixed- and variable-adjustment costs and can therefore determine their relative importance. Finally, the discrete-choice model is both structural and dynamic. Copyright 1998 by The Review of Economic Studies Limited.

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Article provided by Blackwell Publishing in its journal Review of Economic Studies.

Volume (Year): 65 (1998)
Issue (Month): 1 (January)
Pages: 87-107
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Handle: RePEc:bla:restud:v:65:y:1998:i:1:p:87-107

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  1. Rocío Sánchez-Mangas, 2001. "Estimation Of A Dynamic Discrete Choice Model Of Irreversible Investment," Statistics and Econometrics Working Papers ws015628, Universidad Carlos III, Departamento de Estadística y Econometría. [Downloadable!]
  2. Jonathan L. Willis, 2006. "Magazine prices revisited," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 21(3), pages 337-344. [Downloadable!]
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  3. Robert J. Kauffman & Charles A. Wood, 2007. "Follow the leader: price change timing in Internet-based selling," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(7), pages 679-700. [Downloadable!]
  4. Victor Aguirregabiria & Pedro mira, 2007. "Dynamic Discrete Choice Structural Models: A Survey," Working Papers tecipa-297, University of Toronto, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  5. Jun, Byoung & Vives, Xavier, 2001. "Incentives in Dynamic Duopoly," CEPR Discussion Papers 2899, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Levy, Daniel & Young, Andrew, 2004. "The Real Thing: Nominal Price Rigidity of the Nickel Coke, 1886–1959," MPRA Paper 1046, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
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  7. Levy, Daniel & Lee, Dongwon & Chen, Allan (Haipeng) & Kauffman, Robert & Bergen, Mark, 2007. "Price Points and Price Rigidity," MPRA Paper 1472, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
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  8. Rocío Sánchez-Mangas, 2002. "Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimation Of A Dynamic Structural Investment Model," Statistics and Econometrics Working Papers ws026218, Universidad Carlos III, Departamento de Estadística y Econometría. [Downloadable!]
  9. Michael C. Davis & James D. Hamilton, 2003. "Why Are Prices Sticky? The Dynamics of Wholesale Gasoline Prices," NBER Working Papers 9741, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  10. Andrew Young & Daniel Levy, 2005. "Explicit Evidence on an Implicit Contract," Macroeconomics 0506008, EconWPA, revised 24 Jan 2006. [Downloadable!]
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  11. Alexander L. Wolman, 2000. "The frequency and costs of individual price adjustments," Economic Quarterly, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, issue Fall, pages 1-22. [Downloadable!]
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  12. Mark Zbarack & Mark Bergen & Shantanu Dutta & Daniel Levy & Mark Ritson, 2005. "Beyond the Cost of Price Adjustment: Investments in Pricing Capita," Emory Economics 0518, Department of Economics, Emory University (Atlanta). [Downloadable!]
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  13. Rocío Sánchez-Mangas, 2002. "Another Look At The Estimation Of Dynamic Programming Models With Censored Decision Variables," Statistics and Econometrics Working Papers ws022404, Universidad Carlos III, Departamento de Estadística y Econometría. [Downloadable!]
  14. Daniel Levy & Shantanu Dutta & Mark Bergen & Robert Venable, 2005. "Price Adjustment at Multiproduct Retailers," Industrial Organization 0505005, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
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  15. Gil S. Epstein, 2007. "Production, inventory and waiting time," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(6), pages 579-589. [Downloadable!]
  16. Mark J. Zbaracki & Mark Bergen & Daniel Levy, 2006. "The Anatomy of a Price Cut: Discovering Organizational Sources of the Costs of Price Adjustment," Emory Economics 0610, Department of Economics, Emory University (Atlanta). [Downloadable!]
  17. Fernando Merino, 2000. "Price-Adjustment Costs and Adjustment Frequency: An Analysis with Individual Data," Econometric Society World Congress 2000 Contributed Papers 1712, Econometric Society. [Downloadable!]
  18. Robert Barsky & Mark Bergen & Shantanu Dutta & Daniel Levy, 2001. "What Can the Price Gap between Branded and Private Label Products Tell Us about Markups?," NBER Working Papers 8426, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  19. Georg Müller & Mark Bergen & Shantanu Dutta & Daniel Levy, 2006. "Holiday Non-Price Rigidity and Cost of Adjustment," Emory Economics 0612, Department of Economics, Emory University (Atlanta). [Downloadable!]
  20. Mark Zbaracki & Mark Ritson & Daniel Levy & Shantanu Dutta & Mark Bergen, 2004. "Managerial and Customer Costs of Price Adjustment: Direct Evidence from Industrial Markets," Macroeconomics 0402020, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
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  21. Sascha A. Weber & Sven M. Anders, 2007. "Price rigidity and market power in German retailing," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(7), pages 737-749. [Downloadable!]
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