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Does Ownership Matter? Empirical Evidence from the German Wine Industry

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  • Bernd Frick

Abstract

There is widespread belief among economists that the separation of ownership and control tends to reduce the performance of companies while competition tends to improve it. Irrespective of their theoretical appeal these assumptions have not been tested very often. Using an unbalanced panel of about 300 German wineries (compiled from four different editions of a highly respected and widely used wine guide), the paper shows that firms run by ‘managing directors’ produce higher quality and more expensive wines than otherwise identical owner‐managed firms. Since firms have identical production functions and due to the intense competition in the sector under consideration it is very likely that differences in human capital explain the observed productivity differences. Unter ökonomen herrscht weitgehend die Auffassung vor, dass die Trennung von Eigentum und Kontrolle der Unternehmensperformance eher abträglich ist, wohingegen dem (Produktmarkt‐)Wettbewerb ein positiver Einfluss attestiert wird. Ungeachtet ihrer Plausibilität sind die beiden Hypothesen bislang keiner umfassenden empirischen überprüfung unterzogen worden. Unter Verwendung eines ‘unbalanced panel’ mit Angaben von rund 300 bundesdeutschen Weingütern (die Daten entstammen vier aufeinander folgenden Ausgaben eines renommierten Weinführers) zeigt der Beitrag, dass managergeleitete Unternehmen unter sonst gleichen Bedingungen eine höhere Produktqualität aufweisen und auf den für sie relevanten Produktmärkten auch höhere Preise durchzusetzen in der Lage sind als eigentümergeleitete Unternehmen. Diese Unterschiede sind vermutlich auf Unterschiede in der Humankapitalausstattung der Eigentümer einerseits und der angestellten Manager andererseits zurückzuführen. Les économistes sont largement d'avis que la séparation de la propriété et du contrôle est plutôt néfaste pour la performance d'une entreprise, tandis que la compétition sur le marché des produits est censée avoir une influence positive. Sans égard à leur plausibilité, ces deux hypothèses n'ont guère été testées empiriquement jusqu'à présent. En se servant d'un ‘unbalanced panel’ contenant des données d'environs 300 viticulteurs en Allemagne (les données proviennent de quatre numéros consécutifs d'un guide des vins de grande renommée), cet article montre que les entreprises gérées par des managers dans des conditions identiques produisent une meilleure qualité de vin et sont en mesure d'imposer des prix plus élevés sur les marchés que les entreprises gérées par les propriétaires. Ces différences sont probablement dues à des différences dans le capital humain des propriétaires d'un côté et des managers employés de l'autre.

Suggested Citation

  • Bernd Frick, 2004. "Does Ownership Matter? Empirical Evidence from the German Wine Industry," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 57(3), pages 357-386, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:57:y:2004:i:3:p:357-386
    DOI: 10.1111/j.0023-5962.2004.00258.x
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    1. Iselborn, M. & Jungbluth, L. & Hanf, J.H., 2015. "Probleme des Qualitätsmanagements bei Winzergenossenschaften," Proceedings “Schriften der Gesellschaft für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften des Landbaues e.V.”, German Association of Agricultural Economists (GEWISOLA), vol. 50, March.
    2. Thomas Ehrmann & Brinja Meiseberg & Christian Ritz, 2009. "Superstar Effects in Deluxe Gastronomy – An Empirical Analysis of Value Creation in German Quality Restaurants," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 62(4), pages 526-541, November.
    3. Beckert, Jens & Rössel, Jörg & Schenk, Patrick, 2014. "Wine as a cultural product: Symbolic capital and price formation in the wine field," MPIfG Discussion Paper 14/2, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies.
    4. Constantin Schön & Thomas Ehrmann & Katja Rost, 2015. "Ownership, Visibility and Effort: Golf Handicaps as Proxies for Managers' Extra Effort," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 68(2), pages 255-274, May.
    5. Hellberg-Bahr, A. & Steffen, N. & Spiller, A., 2012. "Unternehmensstrategie Defizite in Genossenschaftsmolkereien: Eine mitgliederbasierte Fallstudie," Proceedings “Schriften der Gesellschaft für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften des Landbaues e.V.”, German Association of Agricultural Economists (GEWISOLA), vol. 47, March.
    6. Liang, Qiao & Hendrikse, George, 2016. "Pooling and the yardstick effect of cooperatives," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 97-105.
    7. Iselborn, Maximilian & Hanf, Jon & Ingenwerth, Lea & Sparer, Patrizia & Thein, Anne, 2015. "Analyse der Rollenverteilung in Winzergenossenschaften im Kontext des Qualitätsmanagements," 55th Annual Conference, Giessen, Germany, September 23-25, 2015 209190, German Association of Agricultural Economists (GEWISOLA).
    8. Deng, Wendong & Hendrikse, George, 2014. "Social capital and incentives in the provision of product quality by cooperatives," 2014 International Congress, August 26-29, 2014, Ljubljana, Slovenia 182687, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    9. Schamel, G., 2018. "Grape Supply and Implicit Prices for Wine Quality Attributes," 2018 Conference, July 28-August 2, 2018, Vancouver, British Columbia 277043, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    10. Rössel, Jörg & Beckert, Jens, 2012. "Quality classifications in competition: Price formation in the German wine market," MPIfG Discussion Paper 12/3, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies.
    11. Stefano Castriota, 2018. "Does Excellence Pay Off? Evidence from the Wine Market," BEMPS - Bozen Economics & Management Paper Series BEMPS49, Faculty of Economics and Management at the Free University of Bozen.
    12. Boneberg Franziska, 2011. "The Economic Consequences of One-third Co-determination in German Supervisory Boards: First Evidence for the Service Sector from a New Source of Enterprise Data," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 231(3), pages 440-457, June.
    13. Hansen, Rebecca & Hess, Sebastian, 2021. "Vermarkten Winzergenossenschaften weniger erfolgreich als andere Unternehmensformen? Hedonische Preisanalysen im Modellvergleich," 61st Annual Conference, Berlin, Germany, September 22-24, 2021 317050, German Association of Agricultural Economists (GEWISOLA).
    14. Li, Kai & Zhou, Jie-hong & Liang, Qiao & Huang, Zuhui, 2015. "Food safety controls and governance structure varieties in China's vegetable and fruit sector," 2015 Conference, August 9-14, 2015, Milan, Italy 212046, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    15. López-Bayón, Susana & González-Díaz, Manuel & Solís-Rodríguez, Vanesa & Fernández-Barcala, Marta, 2018. "Governance decisions in the supply chain and quality performance: The synergistic effect of geographical indications and ownership structure," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 1-12.
    16. Höhler, Julia & Hildenbrand, Andreas, 2015. "Weinqualität in unterschiedlichen Organisationsformen: Warum schneiden Genossenschaften oft schlechter ab?," 55th Annual Conference, Giessen, Germany, September 23-25, 2015 209256, German Association of Agricultural Economists (GEWISOLA).
    17. Hansen, Rebecca & Hess, Sebastian, 2021. "Are German Wine Cooperatives Less Successful at Marketing Their Wines Than Other Types of Organisation? A Comparison of Models Using Hedonic Price Analysis," 2021 Conference, August 17-31, 2021, Virtual 315155, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    18. Pennerstorfer, Dieter & Weiss, Christoph R., 2006. "On the relative disadvantage of cooperatives," 2006 Annual meeting, July 23-26, Long Beach, CA 21308, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
    19. Hellberg-Bahr, Anneke & Steffen, Nina & Spiller, Achim, 2011. "Unternehmensstrategische Defizite in Genossenschaftsmolkereien: Eine mitgliederbasierte Fallstudie," 51st Annual Conference, Halle, Germany, September 28-30, 2011 114496, German Association of Agricultural Economists (GEWISOLA).
    20. Pennerstorfer, Dieter & Weiss, Christoph R., 2007. "Do Cooperatives Offer High Quality Products?," 103rd Seminar, April 23-25, 2007, Barcelona, Spain 9403, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    21. Pennerstorfer, Dieter & Weiss, Christoph R., 2011. "Do Cooperatives Offer High Quality Products? Theory and Empirical Evidence from the Wine Market," 2011 International Congress, August 30-September 2, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland 115741, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    22. Weiß, Christian, 2010. "The Ownership Concentration of Firms: Three Essays on the Determinants and Effects," EconStor Theses, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, number 30247, October.
    23. Ewert, Joachim & Hanf, Jon H. & Schweichert, Erik, 2014. "Adaptation of South African Wine Cooperatives to Challenging Business Environments," Journal of Rural Cooperation, Hebrew University, Center for Agricultural Economic Research, vol. 42(2), pages 1-16.
    24. Susana López‐Bayón & Marta Fernández‐Barcala & Manuel González‐Díaz, 2020. "In search of agri‐food quality for wine: Is it enough to join a geographical indication?," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 36(4), pages 568-590, October.

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