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How Costly is Financial (Not Economic) Distress? Evidence from Highly Leveraged Transactions that Became Distressed

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Author Info
Gregor Andrade (Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago,)
Steven N. Kaplan (Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago and National Bureau of Economic Research)

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Abstract

This paper studies thirty-one highly leveraged transactions (HLTs) that become financially, not economically, distressed. The net effect of the HLT and financial distress (from pretransaction to distress resolution, market- or industry-adjusted) is to increase value slightly. This finding strongly suggests that, overall, the HLTs of the late 1980s created value. We present quantitative and qualitative estimates of the (direct and indirect) costs of financial distress and their determinants. We estimate financial distress costs to be 10 to 20 percent of firm value. For a subset of firms that do not experience an adverse economic shock, financial distress costs are negligible. Copyright The American Finance Association 1998.

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Publisher Info
Article provided by American Finance Association in its journal The Journal of Finance.

Volume (Year): 53 (1998)
Issue (Month): 5 (October)
Pages: 1443-1493
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Handle: RePEc:bla:jfinan:v:53:y:1998:i:5:p:1443-1493

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Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. Asquith, Paul & Gertner, Robert & Scharfstein, David, 1994. "Anatomy of Financial Distress: An Examination of Junk-Bond Issuers," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 109(3), pages 625-58, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  2. Steven N. Kaplan & Jeremy C. Stein, 1993. "The Evolution of Buyout Pricing and Financial Structure," NBER Working Papers 3695, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Michael C. Jensen, 1991. "Corporate Control And The Politics Of Finance," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 4(2), pages 13-34. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Gilson, Stuart C. & John, Kose & Lang, Larry H. P., 1990. "Troubled debt restructurings*1: An empirical study of private reorganization of firms in default," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 315-353, October. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. Giammarino, Ronald M, 1989. "The Resolution of Financial Distress," Review of Financial Studies, Oxford University Press for Society for Financial Studies, vol. 2(1), pages 25-47. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Gilson, Stuart C, 1997. " Transactions Costs and Capital Structure Choice: Evidence from Financially Distressed Firms," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 52(1), pages 161-96, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Allan C. Eberhart & Edward I. Altman & Reena Aggarwal, 1997. "The Equity Performance of Firms Emerging from Bankruptcy," New York University, Leonard N. Stern School Finance Department Working Paper Seires 96-22, New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business-.
  8. Ofek, Eli, 1993. "Capital structure and firm response to poor performance: An empirical analysis," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 3-30, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Bronwyn H. Hall, 1991. "The Impact of Corporate Restructuring on Industrial Research and Development," NBER Working Papers 3216, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  10. Kaplan, Steven N. & Stein, Jeremy C., 1990. "How risky is the debt in highly leveraged transactions?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 215-245, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  11. Gordon M Phillips & Vojislav Maksimovic, 1996. "Efficiency of Bankrupt Firms and Industry Conditions: Theory and Evidence," Working Papers 96-12, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau. [Downloadable!]
  12. Alderson, Michael J. & Betker, Brian L., 1995. "Liquidation costs and capital structure," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 45-69, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  13. Denis, David J. & Denis, Diane K., 1995. "Causes of financial distress following leveraged recapitalizations," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 129-157, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  14. Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W, 1992. " Liquidation Values and Debt Capacity: A Market Equilibrium Approach," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 47(4), pages 1343-66, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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