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Mapping change in scientific specialties: A scientometric reconstruction of the development of artificial intelligence

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  • Peter van den Besselaar
  • Loet Leydesdorff

Abstract

Has an identifiable core of activities called AI been established, during the AI‐boom in the eighties? Is AI already in a “paradigmatic” phase? There has been a lot of disagreement among commentators and specialists about the nature of Artificial Intelligence as a specialty. This makes AI an interesting case of an emerging specialty. We use aggregated journal‐journal citations for describing Artificial Intelligence as sets of journals; factor analytic techniques are used to analyze the development of AI in terms of (an emerging) stability and coherency of the journal‐sets during the period 1982–1992. The analysis teaches us that AI has emerged as a set of journals with the characteristics of a discipline only since 1988. The thereafter relatively stable set of journals includes both fundamental and applied AI‐journals, and journals with a focus on expert systems. Additionally, specialties related to artificial intelligence (like pattern analysis, computer science, cognitive psychology) are identified. Neural network research is a part neither of AI nor of its direct citation environment. Information science is related to AI only in the early eighties. The citation environment of AI is more stable than AI itself. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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  • Peter van den Besselaar & Loet Leydesdorff, 1996. "Mapping change in scientific specialties: A scientometric reconstruction of the development of artificial intelligence," Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Association for Information Science & Technology, vol. 47(6), pages 415-436, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:jamest:v:47:y:1996:i:6:p:415-436
    DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199606)47:63.0.CO;2-Y
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    Cited by:

    1. Loet Leydesdorff & Caroline S. Wagner & Lutz Bornmann, 2018. "Betweenness and diversity in journal citation networks as measures of interdisciplinarity—A tribute to Eugene Garfield," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 114(2), pages 567-592, February.
    2. Aurora A. C. Teixeira, 2011. "Mapping the (in)visible college(s) in the field of entrepreneurship," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 89(1), pages 1-36, October.
    3. Cottafava, Dario & Ascione, Grazia Sveva & Corazza, Laura & Dhir, Amandeep, 2022. "Sustainable development goals research in higher education institutions: An interdisciplinarity assessment through an entropy-based indicator," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 138-155.
    4. Wagner, Caroline S. & Roessner, J. David & Bobb, Kamau & Klein, Julie Thompson & Boyack, Kevin W. & Keyton, Joann & Rafols, Ismael & Börner, Katy, 2011. "Approaches to understanding and measuring interdisciplinary scientific research (IDR): A review of the literature," Journal of Informetrics, Elsevier, vol. 5(1), pages 14-26.
    5. Loet Leydesdorff, 2002. "Indicators of structural change in the dynamics of science: Entropy statistics of the SCI Journal Citation Reports," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 53(1), pages 131-159, January.
    6. Leydesdorff, Loet & Rafols, Ismael, 2012. "Interactive overlays: A new method for generating global journal maps from Web-of-Science data," Journal of Informetrics, Elsevier, vol. 6(2), pages 318-332.
    7. Ramlogan, Ronnie & Consoli, Davide, 2007. "Knowledge, Understanding and the Dynamics of Medical Innovation," European Journal of Economic and Social Systems, Lavoisier, vol. 20(2), pages 231-249.
    8. Frenken, Koen, 2002. "The geography of collaborative knowledge production: entropy techniques and results for the European Union," ERSA conference papers ersa02p029, European Regional Science Association.
    9. Teixeira, Aurora A. C. & Castro e Silva, Manuela, 2015. "Relational environment and intellectual roots of 'ecological economics': An orthodox or heterodox field of research?," Economics Discussion Papers 2015-52, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    10. Ricardo Arencibia-Jorge & Rosa Lidia Vega-Almeida & José Luis Jiménez-Andrade & Humberto Carrillo-Calvet, 2022. "Evolutionary stages and multidisciplinary nature of artificial intelligence research," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 127(9), pages 5139-5158, September.
    11. Han Woo Park & Loet Leydesdorff, 2009. "Knowledge linkage structures in communication studies using citation analysis among communication journals," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 81(1), pages 157-175, October.
    12. Leydesdorff, Loet & Bornmann, Lutz & Marx, Werner & Milojević, Staša, 2014. "Referenced Publication Years Spectroscopy applied to iMetrics: Scientometrics, Journal of Informetrics, and a relevant subset of JASIST," Journal of Informetrics, Elsevier, vol. 8(1), pages 162-174.
    13. Loet Leydesdorff & Lutz Bornmann & Caroline S. Wagner, 2017. "Generating clustered journal maps: an automated system for hierarchical classification," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 110(3), pages 1601-1614, March.
    14. Leydesdorff, Loet & Rafols, Ismael, 2011. "Indicators of the interdisciplinarity of journals: Diversity, centrality, and citations," Journal of Informetrics, Elsevier, vol. 5(1), pages 87-100.
    15. Loet Leydesdorff, 2007. "Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design as a Journal: The Interdisciplinarity of its Environment and the Citation Impact," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 34(5), pages 826-838, October.
    16. Ying Ding & Gobinda G. Chowdhury & Schubert Foo, 2000. "Journal as Markers of Intellectual Space: Journal Co-Citation Analysis of Information Retrieval Area, 1987–1997," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 47(1), pages 55-73, January.
    17. Ismael Rafols & Alan Porter & Loet Leydesdorff, 2009. "Overlay Maps of Science: a New Tool for Research Policy," SPRU Working Paper Series 179, SPRU - Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex Business School.
    18. Alberto Gherardini & Alberto Nucciotti, 2017. "Yesterday’s giants and invisible colleges of today. A study on the ‘knowledge transfer’ scientific domain," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 112(1), pages 255-271, July.
    19. Loet Leydesdorff & Caroline S. Wagner & Lutz Bornmann, 2018. "Discontinuities in citation relations among journals: self-organized criticality as a model of scientific revolutions and change," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 116(1), pages 623-644, July.
    20. Joshua Eykens & Raf Guns & Raf Vanderstraeten, 2022. "Subject specialties as interdisciplinary trading grounds: the case of the social sciences and humanities," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 127(12), pages 7193-7213, December.
    21. Pim Vugteveen & Rob Lenders & Peter Van den Besselaar, 2014. "The dynamics of interdisciplinary research fields: the case of river research," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 100(1), pages 73-96, July.
    22. Loet Leydesdorff, 2004. "Top-down decomposition of the Journal Citation Reportof the Social Science Citation Index: Graph- and factor-analytical approaches," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 60(2), pages 159-180, June.

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