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Implementing Social and Environmental Policies in Cities: The Case of Food Policy in Vancouver, Canada

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  • WENDY MENDES

Abstract

Recent years have seen the appearance on urban agendas of social and environmental issues not conventionally understood as municipal concerns. Often framed as policy areas that promote sustainability, quality of life or social inclusion, these new arrivals are complex not only because they are often cross‐sectoral, but equally because there are few regulatory tools and resources to support their implementation. This trend has resulted in a growing body of research that asks what factors result in some social and environmental policies being adopted by municipalities, while others are not? And why in certain places and not others? Such research typically focuses on factors and processes that contribute to getting an issue on the official agenda of a municipality, but offers comparatively little by way of analysis of what happens next. This article addresses this gap by providing an in‐depth analysis of the early stages of implementation of an emerging urban issue, food policy, in the City of Vancouver, Canada. The article draws attention to the often overlooked spaces and contours of governmental institutions as sites of organizational learning and capacity building in support of sustainability. In this way, the analysis brings deeper understandings of a specific case of food policy implementation by a municipal government, while also advancing research on how similar cross‐cutting social and environmental issues are implemented by local governments elsewhere. Résumé Depuis peu, on voit apparaître dans les programmes urbains des aspects sociaux et environnementaux qui, traditionnellement, n'entraient pas dans les préoccupations municipales. Souvent formulés comme des domaines politiques défendant approche durable, qualité de vie ou inclusion social, ces nouveaux venus sont complexes, souvent parce qu'ils sont inter‐sectoriels, mais également parce qu'il existe peu d'outils et de ressources réglementaires pour faciliter leur mise en oeuvre. Il en a résulté une multiplication des recherches sur les facteurs qui permettent, ou non, l'adoption par les municipalités de certaines politiques sociales et environnementales? Et pourquoi dans certains lieux et pas ailleurs? En général, ces recherches s'attachent aux facteurs et processus qui contribuent à faire entrer une question dans le programme officiel d'une municipalité, mais apportent relativement peu quant à l'analyse de ce qui se produit ensuite. L'article traite cette lacune par une analyse approfondie des premiers stades de mise en oeuvre d'un thème urbain récent, la politique alimentaire, dans la ville canadienne de Vancouver. Il attire l'attention sur les espaces et profils souvent ignorés des institutions gouvernementales en tant que lieux d'apprentissage organisationnel et de construction de capacités permettant de favoriser la durabilité. Ce faisant, l'analyse permet de mieux appréhender un cas particulier d'application de politique alimentaire par les autorités municipales, tout en faisant progresser la recherche sur la façon dont, ailleurs, les gouvernements locaux traduisent concrètement des questions sociales et environnementales similaires couvrant plusieurs domaines.

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  • Wendy Mendes, 2008. "Implementing Social and Environmental Policies in Cities: The Case of Food Policy in Vancouver, Canada," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(4), pages 942-967, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:32:y:2008:i:4:p:942-967
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00814.x
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    1. Lara V. Sibbing & Jeroen J. L. Candel, 2021. "Realizing urban food policy: a discursive institutionalist analysis of Ede municipality," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 13(3), pages 571-582, June.
    2. Meg Holden, 2012. "Urban Policy Engagement with Social Sustainability in Metro Vancouver," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 49(3), pages 527-542, February.
    3. Clark, Jill K. & Conley, Brian & Raja, Samina, 2021. "Essential, fragile, and invisible community food infrastructure: The role of urban governments in the United States," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    4. Vara-Sánchez, Isabel & Gallar-Hernández, David & García-García, Lidia & Morán Alonso, Nerea & Moragues-Faus, Ana, 2021. "The co-production of urban food policies: Exploring the emergence of new governance spaces in three Spanish cities," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    5. Cohen, Nevin & Ilieva, Rositsa T., 2021. "Expanding the boundaries of food policy: The turn to equity in New York City," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    6. Amy Hanser, 2021. "Good Food in the City: How Cultural Ideas About Food Shape Street Vending Regulation," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(3), pages 519-534, May.
    7. Maarten Crivits & Charlotte Prové & Thomas Block & Joost Dessein, 2016. "Four Perspectives of Sustainability Applied to the Local Food Strategy of Ghent (Belgium): Need for a Cycle of Democratic Participation?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(1), pages 1-21, January.
    8. Ana Moragues-Faus & Roberta Sonnino, 2019. "Re-assembling sustainable food cities: An exploration of translocal governance and its multiple agencies," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 56(4), pages 778-794, March.
    9. Jeanne Pahun & Eve Fouilleux, 2022. "Organisational troubles in policy integration. French local food policies in the making," Review of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Studies, Springer, vol. 103(3), pages 247-269, September.
    10. Jana Baldy, 2019. "Framing a Sustainable Local Food System—How Smaller Cities in Southern Germany Are Facing a New Policy Issue," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-25, March.
    11. Alejandro Rojas & Will Valley & Brent Mansfield & Elena Orrego & Gwen E. Chapman & Yael Harlap, 2011. "Toward Food System Sustainability through School Food System Change: Think&EatGreen@School and the Making of a Community-University Research Alliance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 3(5), pages 1-26, May.
    12. Ashley McInnes & Evan Fraser & Ze’ev Gedalof & Jennifer Silver, 2017. "A quantitative analysis of food movement convergence in four Canadian provinces," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 34(4), pages 787-804, December.
    13. Mat Jones & Sarah Hills, 2021. "Scaling up Action on Urban Sustainable Food Systems in the United Kingdom: Agenda Setting, Networking, and Influence," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-12, February.
    14. Mebometa Ndongo & Juan-Luis Klein, 2014. "The World Bank and Municipal Adjustments in Senegal: Towards a New Institutional Framework," Journal of Management and Strategy, Journal of Management and Strategy, Sciedu Press, vol. 5(2), pages 82-95, May.
    15. Jana Baldy & Sylvia Kruse, 2019. "Food Democracy from the Top Down? State-Driven Participation Processes for Local Food System Transformations towards Sustainability," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 7(4), pages 68-80.
    16. Moragues-Faus, Ana & Battersby, Jane, 2021. "Urban food policies for a sustainable and just future: Concepts and tools for a renewed agenda," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    17. Karen Bassarab & Jill K. Clark & Raychel Santo & Anne Palmer, 2019. "Finding Our Way to Food Democracy: Lessons from US Food Policy Council Governance," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 7(4), pages 32-47.
    18. Margarida Rodrigues & Mário Franco, 2020. "Measuring the urban sustainable development in cities through a Composite Index: The case of Portugal," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(4), pages 507-520, July.
    19. Halvey, Madeline R. & Santo, Raychel E. & Lupolt, Sara N. & Dilka, Trent J. & Kim, Brent F. & Bachman, Grace H. & Clark, Jill K. & Nachman, Keeve E., 2021. "Beyond backyard chickens: A framework for understanding municipal urban agriculture policies in the United States," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    20. Kathrin Specht & Rosemarie Siebert & Ina Hartmann & Ulf Freisinger & Magdalena Sawicka & Armin Werner & Susanne Thomaier & Dietrich Henckel & Heike Walk & Axel Dierich, 2014. "Urban agriculture of the future: an overview of sustainability aspects of food production in and on buildings," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 31(1), pages 33-51, March.
    21. Aintzira Oñederra-Aramendi & Mirene Begiristain-Zubillaga & Mamen Cuellar-Padilla, 2023. "Characterisation of food governance for alternative and sustainable food systems: a systematic review," Agricultural and Food Economics, Springer;Italian Society of Agricultural Economics (SIDEA), vol. 11(1), pages 1-32, December.
    22. Sara A. L. Smaal & Joost Dessein & Barend J. Wind & Elke Rogge, 2021. "Social justice-oriented narratives in European urban food strategies: Bringing forward redistribution, recognition and representation," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 38(3), pages 709-727, September.
    23. Doernberg, Alexandra & Horn, Paula & Zasada, Ingo & Piorr, Annette, 2019. "Urban food policies in German city regions: An overview of key players and policy instruments," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    24. Martha Traverso-Yepez & Kelly Hunter, 2016. "From “Healthy Eating†to a Holistic Approach to Current Food Environments," SAGE Open, , vol. 6(3), pages 21582440166, August.
    25. Moragues-Faus, Ana, 2021. "The emergence of city food networks: Rescaling the impact of urban food policies," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).

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