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The Impact of Financing Surpluses and Large Financing Deficits on Tests of the Pecking Order Theory

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  • Abe De Jong
  • Marno Verbeek
  • Patrick Verwijmeren

Abstract

This paper extends the basic pecking order model of Shyam‐Sunder and Myers by separating the effects of financing surpluses, normal deficits, and large deficits. Using a panel of US firms over the period 1971‐2005, we find that the estimated pecking order coefficient is highest for surpluses (0.90), lower for normal deficits (0.74), and lowest when firms have large financing deficits (0.09). These findings shed light on two empirical puzzles: 1) small firms, although having the highest potential for asymmetric information, do not behave according to the pecking order theory, and 2) the pecking order theory has lost explanatory power over time. We provide a solution to these puzzles by demonstrating that the frequency of large deficits is higher in smaller firms and increasing over time. We argue that our results are consistent with the debt capacity in the pecking order model.

Suggested Citation

  • Abe De Jong & Marno Verbeek & Patrick Verwijmeren, 2010. "The Impact of Financing Surpluses and Large Financing Deficits on Tests of the Pecking Order Theory," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 39(2), pages 733-756, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:finmgt:v:39:y:2010:i:2:p:733-756
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-053X.2010.01090.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Huu Manh Nguyen & Thi Huong Giang Vuong & Thi Huong Nguyen & Yang-Che Wu & Wing-Keung Wong, 2020. "Sustainability of Both Pecking Order and Trade-Off Theories in Chinese Manufacturing Firms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-25, May.
    3. Charlie Tatenda Mukaro & Abraham Deka & Sylvester Rukani, 2023. "The influence of intellectual capital on organizational performance," Future Business Journal, Springer, vol. 9(1), pages 1-14, December.
    4. Grundy, Bruce D. & Verwijmeren, Patrick, 2020. "The external financing of investment," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    5. Amiyatosh Purnanandam & Uday Rajan, 2018. "Growth Option Exercise and Capital Structure [Illiquidity and stock returns: cross-section and time series effects]," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 22(1), pages 177-206.
    6. Viet Anh Dang, 2011. "Testing Capital Structure Theories Using Error Correction Models: Evidence From The Uk, France And Germany," Post-Print hal-00732527, HAL.
    7. Vandana Bhama & P.K. Jain & Surendra S. Yadav, 2017. "Pecking Order among Select Industries from India and China," Vision, , vol. 21(1), pages 63-75, March.
    8. Chen, Dar-Hsin & Chen, Chun-Da & Chen, Jianguo & Huang, Yu-Fang, 2013. "Panel data analyses of the pecking order theory and the market timing theory of capital structure in Taiwan," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 1-13.
    9. Djaoudath Alidou, 2012. "Employees Equity Issue and Asymmetric Information:Evidence from France - Augmentations de capital réservées aux salariés et Asymétrie d’information:Cas de la France," Working Papers CREGO 1120901, Université de Bourgogne - CREGO EA7317 Centre de recherches en gestion des organisations.
    10. Wang, Xu & Deng, Shengliang & Alon, Ilan, 2021. "Women executives and financing pecking order of GEM-listed companies: Moderating roles of social capital and regional institutional environment," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 466-478.
    11. Shen, Carl Hsin-han, 2014. "Pecking order, access to public debt market, and information asymmetry," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 291-306.
    12. Elif Acar & Gamze Vural & Emin Hüseyin Çetenak, 2020. "Evidence for Financial Hierarchy Theory in Capital Structure Decisions: Data from BIST Companies," Bogazici Journal, Review of Social, Economic and Administrative Studies, Bogazici University, Department of Economics, vol. 34(1), pages 29-50.
    13. de Jong, Abe & Verbeek, Marno & Verwijmeren, Patrick, 2011. "Firms' debt-equity decisions when the static tradeoff theory and the pecking order theory disagree," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 1303-1314, May.
    14. Keasey, Kevin & Martinez, Beatriz & Pindado, Julio, 2015. "Young family firms: Financing decisions and the willingness to dilute control," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 47-63.
    15. Vandana Bhama & Pramod Kumar Jain & Surendra Singh Yadav, 2019. "Pecking Order Test at Varying Debt Levels: A Comparative Study of Indian and Chinese Firms," Journal of Emerging Market Finance, Institute for Financial Management and Research, vol. 18(2), pages 237-261, August.

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