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Strategic Behavior and Social Norms in Tipped Service Industries

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Author Info
Ofer Azar (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev)

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Abstract

Tipping is a multi-billion-dollar phenomenon that traditional economic theory finds hard to explain. Why do people leave money as tips when service has already been provided? Two main potential reasons are that tipping is a social norm, and a strategic behavior aimed to assure good future service. A game-theoretical model is developed which allows the analysis of how tipping behavior should depend on patronage frequency if strategic motivations affect tipping. Thus, the model provides predictions that can be combined with empirical data on tipping behavior to answer the fundamental question, why do people tip?

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File URL: http://www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1778&context=bejeap
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Publisher Info
Article provided by Berkeley Electronic Press in its journal Topics in Economic Analysis & Policy.

Volume (Year): 8 (2008)
Issue (Month): 1 ()
Pages: 1778-1778
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Handle: RePEc:bep:eaptop:v:8:y:2008:i:1:p:1778-1778

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Related research
Keywords: tipping social norms behavioral economics service industries

Find related papers by JEL classification:
Z13 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics - - - Social Norms and Social Capital; Social Networks Economic Anthropology

References listed on IDEAS
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  1. Ofer H. Azar, 2003. "Optimal Monitoring with External Incentives: The Case of Tipping," Industrial Organization 0312004, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
  2. Ofer H. Azar, 2003. "The implications of tipping for economics and management," Others 0309002, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
  3. Ruffle, Bradley J., 1999. "Gift giving with emotions," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 39(4), pages 399-420, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Ofer H. Azar, 2005. "The Social Norm of Tipping: Does it Improve Social Welfare?," Others 0503013, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
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  5. Ofer H. Azar, 2003. "The Social Norm of Tipping: A Review," Others 0309006, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
  6. Ofer H. Azar, 2007. "Do people tip strategically, to improve future service? Theory and evidence," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 40(2), pages 515-527, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Lynn, Michael & McCall, Michael, 2000. "Gratitude and gratuity: a meta-analysis of research on the service-tipping relationship," The Journal of Socio-Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 203-214. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Azar, Ofer H., 2004. "What sustains social norms and how they evolve?: The case of tipping," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 54(1), pages 49-64, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
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This page was last updated on 2008-11-15.


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